Hyperprolactinaemia Contributes to Immunosuppressive and Corticosteroid Drug Resistance

Ian C Chikanza

doi:10.29328/journal.acem.1001031

Abstract

Review Article

Hyperprolactinaemia Contributes to Immunosuppressive and Corticosteroid Drug Resistance

Ian C Chikanza*

Published: 15 October, 2025 | Volume 9 - Issue 1 | Pages: 001-009

Prolactin (PRL), a hormone traditionally associated with lactation, has been increasingly recognized for its significant role in the immune system. This paper explores the multifaceted functions of PRL, particularly its contribution to immunosuppressive and corticosteroid drug unresponsiveness, commonly referred to as drug resistance. Hyperprolactinemia has been observed in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between PRL and these diseases is partly explained by the proximity of the PRL gene to the HLA-DBR1 region on chromosome 6, suggesting a genetic link to autoimmune pathogenesis. Furthermore, PRL’s interaction with immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages, as well as its production by these cells, underscores its role in modulating immune responses. This paper hypothesizes that hyperprolactinemia contributes significantly to the resistance to immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy frequently observed in autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms involve PRL’s interference with corticosteroid receptor signaling pathways, STAT5 pathways, and the IL-2 receptor pathways, leading to diminished anti-inflammatory effects.
Furthermore, PRL is involved in PRL/JAK2 interactions, activation of the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathways, as well as the pathways involving the Src family of kinases (e.g, Fyn) and SHP2, IRS-1, and PI-3 kinase activation. In vitro and animal studies further support the immunomodulatory effects of PRL, demonstrating its ability to alter lymphocyte sensitivity to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between PRL and the immune system, highlighting the potential for targeting PRL pathways in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and overcoming drug resistance.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.acem.1001031 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:
Prolactin; Drug resistance; Rheumatoid arthritis; SLE; Systemic sclerosis; Sjogren’s; Multiple sclerosis; Transplant rejection; Corticosteroids; Autoimmune disease; Hyperprolactinemia; STAT5; IL-2; T-cells and B-cells; IL-1β; TNF-α

References

Goffin V, Binart N, Touraine P, Kelly PA. Prolactin: The new biology of an old hormone. Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:47–67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.131049
Riddle O, Bates RW, Dykshorn SW. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin—a hormone of the anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol. 1933;105:191–216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPLEGACY.1933.105.1.191
Ormandy CJ, Camus A, Barra J, Damotte D, Lucas BK, Buteau H, et al. Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse. Genes Dev. 1997;11:167–78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.11.2.167
Binart N, Helloco C, Ormandy CJ, Barra J, Clement-Lacroix P, Baran N, et al. Rescue of preimplantatory egg development and embryo implantation in prolactin receptor-deficient mice after progesterone administration. Endocrinology. 2000;141:2691–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.7.7568
Matera L. Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions of prolactin on immune cells. Life Sci. 1996;59(8):599–614. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00225-1
Ben-Jonathan N, Mershon JL, Allen DL, Steinmetz RW. Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects. Endocr Rev. 1996;17:639–69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-17-6-639
Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev. 1998;19(3):225–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334
Frantz AG. Prolactin. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:201–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197801262980408
Vekemans M, Robyn C. The influence of exogenous oestrogens on a circadian periodicity of circulating prolactin in females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;40:886–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-40-5-886
Li CH, Dixon JS, Lo TB, Pankov YM, Schmidt KD. Amino acid sequence of ovine lactogenic hormone. Nature. 1969;224:695–6. Available from: https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1980133027
Nicoll CS, Mayer GL, Russell SM. Structural features of prolactins and growth hormones that can be related to their biological properties. Endocr Rev. 1986;7:169–203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-7-2-169
Human Gene Mapping 10. Tenth International Workshop on Human Gene Mapping, New Haven Conference 1989. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1989;51:154. Available from: https://scispace.com/pdf/contents-vol-51-1989-23y2oz3wdy.pdf
Truong AT, Duez C, Belayew A, Renard A, Pictet R, Bell GI, et al. Isolation and characterization of the human prolactin gene. EMBO J. 1984;3:429–37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01824.x
Sabharwal P, Glaser R, Lafuse W, Varma S, Liu Q, Arkins S, et al. Prolactin synthesized and secreted by human peripheral blood mononuclear cell and autocrine growth factor for lymphoproliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:7713–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.16.7713
Bewley TA, Li CH. Circular dichroism studies on human pituitary growth hormone and ovine pituitary lactogenic hormone. Biochemistry. 1972;11:884–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00755a030
Goffin V, Martial JA, Summers NL. Use of a model to understand prolactin and growth hormone specificities. Protein Eng. 1995;8:1215–23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/8.12.1215
Abdel-Meguid SS, Shieh HS, Smith WW, Dayringer HE, Violand BN, Bentle LA. Three-dimensional structure of a genetically engineered variant of porcine growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84:6434–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.18.6434
De Vos AM, Ultsch M, Kossiakoff AA. Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex. Science. 1992;255:306–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1549776
Montgomery DW, Shen GK, Ulrich ED, Steiner LL, Parrish PR, Sukosky CF. Human thymocytes express a prolactin-like messenger ribonucleic acid and synthesize bioactive prolactin-like proteins. Endocrinology. 1992;131:3019–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.6.1446637
Vera-Lastra O, Jara LJ, Espinoza LR. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2002;1:360–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1568-9972(02)00081-2
Matera L, Cutufia M, Geuna M, Contarini M, Buttiglieri S, Galin S, et al. Prolactin as an autocrine growth factor for the Jurkat human T-leukemic cell line. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;79:12–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00096-9
Montgomery DW. Prolactin production by immune cells. Lupus. 2001;10:665–75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1191/096120301717164895
Kelly PA, Djiane J, Postel-Vinay MC, Edery M. The prolactin/growth hormone receptor family. Endocr Rev. 1991;12:235–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-12-3-235
Goffin V, Kelly PA. Prolactin and growth hormone receptors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;45:247–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00799.x
Goffin V, Kelly PA. The prolactin/growth hormone receptor family: structure/function relationships. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1997;2:7–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026313211704
Goffin V, Ferrag F, Kelly PA. Molecular aspects of prolactin and growth hormone receptors. In: LeRoith D, editor. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Vol. 2. Greenwich (CT): JAI Press; 1998;1–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334
Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptors: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev. 1998;19:225–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334
Yu-Lee L. Stimulation of interferon regulatory factor-1 by prolactin. Lupus. 2001;10:691–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1191/096120301717164921
Wells JA, De Vos AM. Hematopoietic receptor complexes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1996;65:609–34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.003141
Bazan JF. Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:6934–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.18.6934
Kelly PA, Djiane J, Postel-Vinay MC, Edery M. The prolactin/growth hormone receptor family. Endocr Rev. 1991;12(3):235–251. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-12-3-235
Fuh G, Wells JA. Prolactin receptor antagonists that inhibit the growth of breast cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(22):13133–13137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.22.13133
Wilks AF, Harpur AG, Kurban RR, Ralph SJ, Zürcher G, Ziemiecki A. Two novel protein tyrosine kinases, each with a second phosphotransferase-related catalytic domain, define a new class of protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 1991;11(4):2057–2065. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.4.2057-2065.1991
Ferrag F, Pezet A, Chiarenza A, Buteau H, Nelson BH, Goffin V, et al. Homodimerization of the IL-2 receptor β chain is necessary and sufficient to activate JAK2 and downstream signalling pathways. FEBS Lett. 1998;421(1):32–36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01529-9
Han Y, Watling D, Rogers NC, Stark GR. Jak2 and Stat5, but not Jak1 and Stat1, are required for prolactin-induced β-lactoglobulin transcription. Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11(8):1180–1188. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.11.8.9952
Lebrun JJ, Ali S, Ullrich A, Kelly PA. Proline-rich sequence-mediated JAK2 association to the prolactin receptor is required but not sufficient for signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(18):10664–10670. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.18.10664
Das R, Vonderhaar BK. Activation of raf-1, MEK, and MAP kinase in prolactin responsive mammary cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1996;40(2):141–149. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01806209
Clevenger CV, Medaglia MV. The protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn is associated with prolactin receptor and is activated by prolactin stimulation of T-lymphocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8(6):674–681. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.8.6.7935483
Guyette WA, Matusik RJ, Rosen JM. Prolactin-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of casein gene expression. Cell. 1979;17(4):1013–1023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(79)90340-4
Yu-Lee LY, Luo G, Moutoussamy S, Finidory J. Prolactin and growth hormone signal transduction in lymphohemopoietic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998;54(10):1067–1075. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s000180050235
Leff MA, Buckley DJ, Krumenacker JS, Reed JC, Miyashita T, Buckley AR. Rapid modulation of the apoptosis regulatory genes bcl-2 and bax by prolactin in rat Nb2 lymphoma cells. Endocrinology. 1996;137(12):5456–5462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.137.12.8940371
Matera L, Caseno A, Bellone G, Oberholtzer E. Modulatory effect of prolactin on the resting and mitogen-induced activity of T, B and NK lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun. 1992;6(5):409–417. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1591(92)90039-q
Mukherjee P, Mastro A, Hymer WC. Prolactin induction of interleukin-2 receptors on rat splenic lymphocytes. Endocrinology. 1990;126(1):88–94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-126-1-88
Cesario TC, Yousefi S, Carandana G, Sadati N, Le J, Vaziri N. Enhanced yields of gamma interferon in prolactin treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1994;205(1):89–95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-205-43683
Kumar A, Singh SM, Sodhi A. Effect of prolactin on nitric oxide and interleukin-1 production in murine peritoneal macrophages: role of Ca²⁺ and protein kinase C. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(2):129–133. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00022-2
Hartmann DP, Holaday JW, Bernton EW. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by antibodies to prolactin. FASEB J. 1989;3(10):2194–2202. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.3.10.2787766
Chikanza IC, Kozaci DL. Corticosteroid resistance in rheumatoid arthritis: molecular and cellular perspectives. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(11):1337–1345. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh333
Stocklin E, Wissler M, Gouilleux F, Groner B. Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature. 1996;383(6602):726–728. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/383726a0
Wolfe AP. Transcriptional control. Sinful repression. Nature. 1997;387(6628):16–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/387016a0
Zhang Z, Jones S, Hagood JS, Fuentes NL, Fuller GM. STAT3 acts as a co-activator of glucocorticoid receptor signalling. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(49):30607–30610. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.49.30607
Barnes PJ, Adcork I. Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1993;14:436–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(93)90184-l
Karin M. The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(28):16483–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.28.16483
Al-Sakkaf KA, Dobson PRM, Brown BL. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase by prolactin in Nb2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;221:779–84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.0673
Bernton EW. Suppression of lymphocyte and adrenocortical function by corticosterone: In vivo antagonism by prolactin. Pharmacologist. 1988;30:A123.
Chikanza IC. Prolactin and neuroimmunomodulation: In vitro and in vivo observations. Neuroendocrine Immune Basis of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999;876:119–130. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07629.x
Gala RR, Shevach EM. Influence of prolactin and growth hormone on the activation of dwarf mouse lymphocytes in vivo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1993;204:224–30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-204-43657
Berczi I, Nagy E, Asa SL, Kovacs K. The influence of pituitary hormones on adjuvant arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:682–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780270612
Nagy E, Berczi I, Wren GE, Asa SL, Kovacs K. Immunomodulation by bromocriptine. Immunopharmacology. 1983;6:231–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(83)90023-1
Nagy E, Berczi I. Prolactin and contact sensitivity. Allergy. 1981;36:429–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01850.x
Berczi I, Nagy E, Kovacs K, Howarth E. Regulation of humoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones. Acta Endocrinol. 1981;98:506–13. Available from: https://semopenalex.org/work/W2056372266
Brennan P, Hajeer A, Ong KR, Worthington J, John S, Thomson W, et al. Allelic markers close to prolactin are associated with HLA-DRB1 susceptibility alleles among women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1383–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780400804
Vera-Lastra O, Jara LJ, Espinoza LR. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2002;1:360–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1568-9972(02)00081-2
Stevens A, Ray D, Alansari A, Hajeer A, Thomson W, Donn R, et al. Characterization of a prolactin gene polymorphism and its associations with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2358–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10%3C2358::aid-art399%3E3.0.co;2-k
De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Pivonello R, Lombardi G, Bellastella A. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Pituitary. 2005;8:25–30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-005-5082-5
Chikanza IC. The neuroendocrine immunology of rheumatoid arthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1996;10(2):273–94.
Chikanza IC, Panayi GS. Hypothalamic-pituitary mediated modulation of immune function: Prolactin as a neuroimmune peptide. Br J Rheumatol. 1991;30:203–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/30.3.203
Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Chrousos G, Kingsley G, Panayi GS. Excessive and dysregulated secretion of prolactin in rheumatoid arthritis: Immunopathogenetic and therapeutic implications. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:445–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/32.6.445
Chikanza IC, Chrousos G, Panayi GS. Abnormal neuroendocrine immune communications in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1992;22:635–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01422.x
Jorgensen C, et al. Dysregulation of hypothalamo-pituitary axis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:1829–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8991978/
Ram S, Blumberg D, Newton P, Anderson NR, Gama R. Raised serum prolactin in rheumatoid arthritis: genuine or laboratory artefact? Rheumatology. 2004;43:1272–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh307
Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Hormones, pregnancy, and rheumatoid arthritis. J Gend Specif Med. 2002;5:28–37. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12192884/
Hampl JS, Papa DJ. Breastfeeding-related onset, flare, and relapse of rheumatoid arthritis. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:264–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb05511.x
Nagafuchi H, Suzuki N, Kaneko A, Asai T, Sakane T. Prolactin locally produced by synovium infiltrating T lymphocytes induces excessive synovial cell functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1890–900. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10493666/
Yu-Lee LY. Prolactin modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2002;57:435–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/rp.57.1.435
Leanos-Miranda A, Cardenas-Mondragon G. Serum free prolactin concentrations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with lupus activity. Rheumatology. 2006;45:97–101. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei115
Jacobi AM, Rohde W, Ventz M, Riemekasten G, Burmester GR, Hiepe F. Enhanced serum prolactin (PRL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: PRL levels are related to the disease activity. Lupus. 2001;10:554–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1191/096120301701549688
Buskila D, Lorber M, Neumann L, Flusser D, Shoenfeld Y. No correlation between prolactin levels and clinical activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:629–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8730116/
Zoli A, Ferlisi EM, Pompa A, Barini A, Altomonte L, Mirone L, et al. Basal and after-stimuli test for prolactinemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;876:155–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07634.x
Jara LJ, Vera-Lastra O, Miranda JM, Alcala M, Alvarez-Nemegyei J. Prolactin in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2001;10:748–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1191/096120301717164994
Leanos-Miranda A, Pascoe-Lira D, Chavez-Rueda KA, Blanco-Favela F. Antiprolactin autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: frequency and correlation with prolactinemia and disease activity. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1546–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11469460/
Peeva E, Grimaldi C, Spatz L, Diamond B. Bromocriptine restores tolerance in estrogen-treated mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:1373–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci10420
Kucharz EJ, Jarczyk R, Jonderko G, Rubisz-Brezezinska J, Brzezinska-Wcislo L. High serum level of prolactin in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15:314. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02229718
Czuwara-Ladykowska J, Sicinska J, Olszewska M, Uhrynowska-Tyszkiewicz I, Rudnicka L. Prolactin synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60:152–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2006.02.007
Haga HJ, Rygh T. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1291–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10381045/
Kira J, Harada M, Yamaguchi Y, Shida N, Goto I. Hyperprolactinemia in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1991;102:61–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(91)90094-n
Dijkstra CD, van der Voort ER, De Groot CJ, Huitinga I, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH, et al. Therapeutic effect of the D2-dopamine agonist bromocriptine on acute and relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19:135–42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(94)90003-5
Bissay V, De Klippel N, Herroelen L, Schmedding E, Buisseret T, Ebinger G, et al. Bromocriptine therapy in multiple sclerosis: an open label pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17:473–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199410000-00011
Cosson C, Myara I, Guillemain R, Amrein C, Dreyfus G, Moatti N. Serum prolactin as a rejection marker in heart transplantation. Clin Chem. 1989;35:492–3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646036/
Hiestand PC, Mekler P, Nordmann R, Grieder A, Permmongkol C. Prolactin as a modulator of lymphocyte responsiveness provides a possible mechanism of action of cyclosporin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:2599–603. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.8.2599
Hiestand PC, Mekler P. Mechanism of action. Cyclosporin A and prolactin-mediated control of immunity. Proc Allergy. 1986;38:239–46. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20140827_Mechanism_of_Action_Ciclosporin-_and_Prolactin-Mediated_Control_of_Immunity

Figures:

Contact

Editorial Office Emails:

[email protected]

Select by Volume & Issue

Submit Manuscript Information for Authors Articles Rss Feed

University/Institution

Select and search by University/Institution.

Articles by Country

Select and search by country to get related articles.

All Issues in 2025

January February March April May June July August September October

All Issues in 2024

January February March April May June July August September October November December

All Issues in 2023

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Testmonials

I would like to thank JPRA for taking this decision. I understand the effort it represents for you. I'm truly happy to have the paper published in JPRA. And I'll certainly consider JPRA for my next publications as I was satisfied of the service provided, the efficiency and promptness of the interactions we had.

Emmanuel BUSATO

Publishing with the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology was a rewarding experience as review process was thorough and brisk. Their visibility online is second to none as their published articles appear in all search engines. I will encourage researchers to publish with them.

Elizabeth Awoyesuku

“The choice to submit the forensic case study to the Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research was dictated by the match between the content and the potential readership. The publication process proved to be expedient and we were provided with constructive feedback from reviewers. The final article layout is attractive and conforms to standards. All-in-all, it has been a rewarding process.”

Elisabeth H Wiig

Archives of Vascular Medicine is one of the top class journal for vascular medicine with highly interesting topics. You did a professional and great Job!

Elias Noory

Thank you very much. I think the review process and all of what concerns the administration of the publication concerning our paper has been excellent. The nice and quick answers have been very good I think.

Doris Nilsson

Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Research is good journal for respiratory research purposes. It takes 2-3 weeks maximum for review of the manuscript to get published and any corrections to be made in the manuscript. It needs good articles and studies to get publish in the respiratory medicine. I am really glad that this journal editors helped me to get my case report published.

Divya Khanduja

Thanks you and your colleague for the great help for our publication. You always provide prompt responses and high quality of service. I am so happy to have you working with me. Thanks again!

Diana (Ding) Dai

Service and process were excellent as was the “look” of the article when published.

Deane Waldman

Great, thank you! It was very efficient working w/ your group. Very thorough reviews (i.e., plagiarism, peer, etc.). Would certainly recommend that future authors consider working w/ your group.

David W Brett

Your services are very good

Chukwuka Ireju Onyinye

I very much appreciate the humanitarian services provided in my stead by this journal/publisher. It exhibits total absence of editorial impertinence. As an Author, I have been guided to have a fruitful experience. The editorial care is highly commendable.

Chrysanthus Chukwuma

"An amazing experience with the Journal of Advanced Pediatrics and Child Health. Very fast blind review with pertinent corrections and suggestions. I highly recommand both the journal and the editor."

Chaimae Khairoun

The submission is very easy and the time from submission to response from the reviewers is short. Correspondence with the journal is nice and rapid.

Catrin Henriksson

The Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology is an open access journal focused on scientific knowledge publication with emphasis laid on the fields of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Their services toward us have been encouraging through their kindness and respect. Great consideration has been given to us as young budding researchers and we are very grateful for this.

Carole Assontsa

During the process your positive communication, prompt feedback and professional approach is very highly appreciated. We would like to thank you very much for your support.

Can Vuran

I do appreciate for your service including submission, analysis, review, editorial and publishing process. I believe these esteemed journal enlighten the science with its high-quality personel.

Bora Uysal

I am very much pleased with the fast track publication by your reputed journal's editorial team. It is really helpful for researchers like me from developing nations. I strongly recommend your journal for publication.

Badri Kumar Gupta

It has been a fabulous journey writing articles for your journal because of the encouragement you people provide for writers from developing nations like India. Kindly continue the same. Looking forward for a long term association.

Badareesh Lakshminarayana

Many thanks for publishing my article in your great journal and the friendly and hassle-free publication process, the constructive peer-review, the regular feedback system, and the Quick response to any queries.

Azab Elsayed Azab

I would like to thank this journal for publishing my Research Article. Something I really appreciate about this journal is, they did not take much time from the day of Submission to the publishing date. Looking forward to have more publications in future.

Ayush Chandra

Submission of paper was smooth, the review process was fast. I had excellent communication and on time response from the editor.

Ayokunle Dada

Your service is very good and fast reply, also your service understand our situation and support us to publication our articles.

Ayman M Abu Mustafa

Really good service with prompt response. Looking forward to having long lasting relationship with your journal

Avishek Bagchi

Your service is excellent. Processing and editing were very fast. I hope to publish more of my works in your journal.

Ausraful Islam

I wanna to thank Clinical Journal of Nursing Care and Practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you!

Atsedemariam Andualem

“It was a delightful experience publishing my manuscript with the Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. They offered me lots of opportunities I never had from most publishing houses and their prompt services are greatly appreciated.”

Asafo Jones

I hope to ability to make some new investigation and publish in Your Company in future.

Artur Stopyra

I like the quality of the print & overall service. The paper looks quite impressive. Hope this will attract interested readers. All of you have our best wishes for continued success.

Arshad Khan

Your big support from researchers around the world is the best appreciation from your scientific teams. We believe that there should be no barrier in science and you make it real and this motto come true.

Arefhosseinir Rafi

Your journal co-operation is very appreciable and motivational. I am really thankful to your journal and team members for the motivation and collaboration to publish my work.

Assistant Professor, UCLAS Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India

Archna Dhasmana

I am glad to submit the article to Heighten Science Publications as it has a very smooth and fast peer-review process, which enables the researchers to communicate their work on time.

Anupam M

This is to specify that I have had an extensive and detailed interaction with the Editorial team of Annals of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, USA, lasting over a significant period of time. My interaction has been extremely pleasant, especially with Ms Allie Smith, as I find the communication quite inspiring and crystal clear. The attitude of aforesaid individuals is quite helpful and guiding in pertinent instances. It has been a commemorative journey so far working with the Journal and I hope that the symbiosis will continue, evolve and flourish in the forthcoming years. I wish the journal, related personnel and aforementioned individuals a fruitful, successful run.

New Delhi, India

Anubha Bajaj

We appreciate the fact that you decided to give us full waiver for the applicable charges and approve the final version. You did an excellent job preparing the PDF version. Of course we will consider your magazine for our future submissions and we will pay the applicable fees then.

Anna Dionysopoulou

''Co-operation of Archives of Surgery and Clinical Research journal is appreciable. I'm impressed at the promptness of the publishing staff and the professionalism displayed. Thank you very much for your support, help and encouragement.''

Anıl Gokce

Congratulations for the excellence of your journal and high quality of its publications.

Angel MARTIN CASTELLANOS

The service from the journal staff has been excellent.

Andy Smith

I was very pleased with the quick editorial process. We are sure that our paper will have great visibility, among other things due to its open access. We believe in science accessible to all.

Anderson Fernando de Souza

It was a great experience publishing through JCICM. The article has reached out to several institutions. Appreciate your professional work. Hope to work with you again

Anas Wardeh

Publishing an article is a long process, but working with your publication department made things go smoothly, even though the process took exactly 5 months from the time of submitting the article till the time I have favourable response, the missing part is the peer review details, which is essential in self auditing and future improvement, overall experience was excellent giving your understanding of the situation of lack of financial institution support.

Anas Diab

I think that Heighpubs very good. You are very helpful. Thank you for everything.

Ana Ribeiro

Regarding to be services, we note that are work with high standards of professionalism translated into quick response, efficiency which makes communication accessible. Furthermore, I believe to be much inviting for the submission of future works for publication purposes.

Amélia João Alice Nkutxi

I would like to mention that I had a wonderful experience working with HSPI. The whole process right from manuscript submission to peer review till the publication of the article was very prompt & efficient. I wish you good luck for the future.

Amarjeet Gambhir

Once I submitted the manuscript, the response time of the reviewers was very fast. The fine-tuning of the galley proof was likewise prompt. I believe the journal provide a valuable outlet to disseminate physical rehabilitation scientific knowledge to the clinical community. Respectfully. Dr. Alon

Alon

We really appreciate and thanks the full waiver you provide for our article. We happy to publish our paper in your journal. Thank you very much for your good support and services.

Ali Abusafia

It was a real pleasure working with your team. The review was done fast, and it was very clear, the editing was flawless, the article was published quickly compared to other journals, and everyone was understanding and helpful. I will gladly recommend this journal to my acquaintances in academia.

Alexandra Cozma

To the editorial team at HSPI and the Journal of Clinical Nephrology: Thank you so much for your hard work and collaboration in bringing our article to life. Your staff was responsive, flexible, and communicative and made the process smooth and easy. Thank you!

Alejandro Munoz

Dear colleagues! I am satisfied with our cooperation with you. Your service is at a high level. I hope for a future relationship. Let me know if I can get a paper version of the magazine with my articles from you. I see them on the Internet.

Aksenov V.V

"This is my first time publishing with the journal/publisher. I am impressed at the promptness of the publishing staff and the professionalism displayed. Thank you for encouraging young researchers like me!"

Ajite Kayode

I want to thank you for our collaboration. You were fast and effective with a positive spirit of teamwork. I am truly excited from our collaboration. You were like always fast, efficient and accurate. I hope that in the near future we will collaborate again.

Aikaterini Solomou

In my opinion, you provide a very fast and practical service.

Ahmet Eroglu

Great, We are too comfortable with the process including the peer review process and quality. But, the journal should be indexed in different databases such scopus.

Afework Edmealem

We really appreciate your efforts towards our article, the professional way you handle our request for exemption from charges. It was a great honor for us to publish in your magazine.

Achraf elbakkaly

I really liked the ease of submitting my manuscript in the HSPI journal. Further, the peer review was timely completed and I was communicated the final decision on my manuscript within 10 days of submission which is really appreciable. I strongly recommend all the scientists and researchers to submit their work in this journal”

Abu Bashar

My candid opinion is that the service you render is second to none. My favourite part is the prompt response to issue, really i value that.

Abiodun Akanbi Adeogun

Thank you very much for accepting our manuscript in your journal “International Journal of Clinical Virology”. We are very thankful to the esteemed team for timely response and quick review process. The editorial team of International Journal of Clinical Virology is too cooperative and well-mannered during the publication process. We are hopeful to publish many quality papers in your journal and I suggest the International Journal of Clinical Virology to all of my colleagues, researchers and friends to publish their research here.

Abdul Baset

I, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, am serving as Editor on Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ABB). I submitted an editorial titled, 'Edible vaccines to combat Infectious Bursal Disease of poultry' for publication in ABB. After submitting the manuscript; the services rendered by the management and technical personnel to handle and process the manuscript were marvelous. Plagiarism report was shared with me with complements before reviewers' comments, All steps including article processing and service charges were well taken care of keeping in view the author's interest/preference. All together, it was an encouraging and wonderful experience working with ABB personnel.

University of Agriculture, Pakistan

Muhammad Sarwar Khan

Your journal has accomplished its intended mission of providing very effective and efficient goals in dealing with submissions, conducting the reviewing process and in publishing accepted manuscripts in a timely manner. Keep up the great work and services that you provide.

University of Jacqmar, Inc., USA

John St. Cyr

I am to express my view that Heighten Science Publications are reliable quick even after peer review process. I hope and wish the publications will go a long way in disseminating science to many interested in scientific research.

College of Fisheries, CAU(I), Tripura, India

Ajit Kumar Roy

The Journal Clinical Nephrology provides a good opportunity for readers to stay updated in the field of clinical nephrology. Additionally - it provides a good opportunity for authors to publish their work. 1. Publication of the accepted manuscripts is sufficiently rapid. 2. The trust factor between the journal and me, as an author, is very important and well preserved. 3. Peer review process very rapid and effective.

Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel

Leonid Feldman

In 2017, I submitted a manuscript to the journal Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine belonging to Heighten Science Publications Corporation. Within one week I already received the response from the editor. All processing steps were really fast so in terms of a speedy publication I can particularly recommend the journal Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine. The responsible contact person of the journal was always available, which gives a trustworthy impression to the author. Also the peer review process was clear and constructive. So from my experience with Heighten Science Publications Corporation I can recommend publishing there.

University of Tubingen, Germany

Yvonne Mast

We thank to the heighten science family, who speed up the publication of our article and provide every support.

Mehmet Besir

The services of the journal were excellent. The most important thing for an author is the speed of the peer review which was really fast here. They returned in a few days and immediately replied all of my questions. I want to refer this platform to all scholars. Many thanks.

Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus

Zehra Guchan TOPCU

Thank you for your attitude and support. I am sincerely grateful to you and the entire staff of the magazine for the high professionalism and fast quality work. Thank you very much!

USA

Igor Klepikov

Thank you and your company for effective support of authors which are very much dependable on the funds gambling for science in the different countries of our huge and unpredictable world. We are doing our work and should rely on a teams like Galley Proof-HSPC. Great success to all of you for the 2019th! Be well all the year long.

Russia

Victor V Apollonov

The editorial process was quickly done. The galley proof was sent within a week after being accepted for publication. The editorial team was very helpful and responded promptly.

India

Rohit Kulshrestha

University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Dr. Elizabeth A Awoyesuku

"It was a pleasure to work with the editorial team of the journal on the submission of the manuscript. The team was professional, fast, and to the point".

NC A&T State University, USA

Moran Sciamama-Saghiv

Submission of paper was smooth, the review process was fast. I had excellent communication and on time response from the editor.

Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Ayokunle Dada

I am delighted and satisfied with. Heighten Science Publications as my manuscript was thoroughly assessed and published on time without delay. Keep up the good work.

Ido-Ekiti/Afe Babalola University, Nigeria

Dr. Shuaib Kayode Aremu

Ekiti State University, Nigeria

Adebukola Ajite

I wanna to thank clinical journal of nursing care and practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you!

Wollo University, Ethiopia

Atsedemariam Andualem

We appreciate your approach to scholars and will encourage you to collaborate with your organization, which includes interesting and different medical journals. With the best wishes of success, creativity and joy in life, prosperity in the medical field.

Ivano- Frankivsk National Medical University, Ukraine

Nataliya Kitsera

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement. I am truly impressed by your tolerance and support. Thank you very much

Diaverum: PADC, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Nasrulla Abutaleb

You are such a nice person. Your journal co-operation is very appreciable and motivational.

Department of Biotechnology, Uttaranchal college of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Archna Dhasmana

“Mobile apps and wearable technology are becoming ubiquitous in our environment. Their integration with healthcare delivery is just beginning to take shape. The early results are promising and the possibilities great."

BS, PharmD., MBA, CPHIMS, FHIMSS, Adjunct Professor, Global Healthcare Management, MCPHS University, Chief Strategy Offi cer, MedicaSoft, Senior Advisor, National Health IT (NHIT) Collaborative for Underserved, New York HIMSS, National Liaison, Health 2.0 Boston, Past Chair, Chair Innovation, USA

Helen Figge

Ph.D, Boston University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Knowledge Research Institute, Inc., 2131 Reflection Bay Drive, Arlington, Texas 76013, USA